Title: Optimization of large-scale simulation-based systems

We discuss some systematic approaches designed to alleviate the difficulty of straightforward problem formulation and optimization of large-scale, complex systems where function and constraint evaluation involves high-fidelity simulations, such as the Navier-Stokes equations of computational fluid dynamics. Such problems are not only prohibitively expensive, but they may be difficult to formalize. Hierarchical modeling, formulation, and solution techniques are a promising approach to such problems. We investigate a variety of computational methods applied to simulation-based design.